White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. #ga-ad {display: none;} Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. ", Dai, Yingcong. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Chien-lung Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. . In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Inventions Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. 12 talking about this. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. View original page. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? He simply and quietly disappeared. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. . They are not like some external tribe . After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. (February 22, 2023). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. ThoughtCo. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Kublai Khan In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. }, Page last modified: Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. ." Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Omissions? The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. 22 Feb. 2023 . In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Nothing is known of his end. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route.