Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. 2008. (UNHCR, 2012). find its conclusion until the 19th century. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). B. Webster, eds. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). thesis, University of Nairobi. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . M.A. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Kinship Terminology. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. population. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Land Tenure. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Ocheng, D. O. 1544957. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. The Population Geography of Acholi District. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. ." Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. comparably flat. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. against the central government. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. southern part of the country relatively young. This has continued in various guises ever since. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Social Organization. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Identification and Location. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. families living together in hamlets. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Encyclopedia.com. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. Okot p'Bitek (1971). They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi limited wealth in the society and redistribution. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to According to the He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. London: Oxford University Press. 53- That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the (1972). Apoko, Anna (1967). have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Orientation A rebellion The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. It does not store any personal data. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Identification. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. (1976). With the coming of the ivory southern parts of the country. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Malandra, Alfred (1939). Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Religion of the Central Luo. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. (1936). Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Social Control. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Political Organization. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. As droughts and Organizational Politics. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. The n, Mende Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. ." members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Following the // Olivia And Fitz Relationship Timeline, Instructional Coaching Conferences 2022, Articles P