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We call these facts, but they are facts only within the system that allows them to be seen as such. as an object. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. Logosis an assertion about something and an addressing of some thing as some thing. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. Certainly, any sane person will see the improvements in various technes or arts and crafts as improvements in knowledge. This quote from one of quantum physics founders, Werner Heisenberg, assures us of this: We [physicists] have resigned ourselves to the situation just described, since it turned out that we could represent mathematically and say in every case, dependably and without fear of logical contradiction, what the result of an experiment would be. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. Underlying all this, even natural science with its mathematical calculations from within a frame, is the very idea of a world-picture. The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. 16. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. On most occasions we do not and this is due to our relation to the objects of the world that we have brought before us. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. 21. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. Our doubt and skepticism, on the other hand, is spurred by the requirement of giving sufficient reasons for a things being what and how it is, and should these not be given, then the thing is not. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. What counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. Modern technology employs modern science. Current knowledge and historical knowledge is shown through the transition and transformation of language: language addresses itself to human beings in words that conceal the genuine face of Being. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. This word has only recently come to prominence (19th century) and yet even the Pope himself uses this word when speaking of how Roman Catholics should be in the world. Understanding what the purpose of a great work of art is remains for us a mystery since they appear to be purpose itself. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. It is the object that determines the kind of knowledge that is most appropriate to it i.e. Such a rendering needs a place where the account can be given and rendered. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. 13. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. The essence of human beings is reason. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. What is unknowable is as such because it is unnameable. For knowledge to be accumulated and disseminated there must be both a communicator of the knowledge and an audience of hearers. Quantum physics challenges what we have understood historically as causality and the role of reason in understanding the world about us, but because its results are reliable and dependable we can count on those results as giving us all that we need to know. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. I just have one question. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? This pretense to knowledge is what must be undercut and exposed. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. This prompt asks you to inquire whether objectivity is possible given its assertion of the negative as to whether or not bias is inevitable (See prompt #28). Historicism dominates all presentations of what has come to be called knowledge in the 21st century. 13. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. They may sometimes be understood as inner states, activities and processes that we are aware of or live through, but do not usually make objects of introspection or reflection. OMG! Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? Our interpretations of things may be complex requiring very specialized language from various areas of knowledge or it may be simple and be provided by what we might call sound common sense. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. Scientists do not conduct exact experiments to discover whether nature conforms to mathematical regularities; they do so because they presuppose a projection of nature as mathematical. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. Is there such a thing or mode of being as objectivity? WebAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wrttemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879 into a family of secular Ashkenazi Jews. If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. It is concerned with the propernaming of the things. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. A good explanation, like good evidence, provides reasons for the answers to the questions whence, why and how. 3. the book is on the table, etc. 8. What role does imagination play in producing knowledge about the world? The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. The material tools required for the production of knowledge are secondary to the technological viewing that has allowed these tools to come into being. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. Both Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts film Prometheus are warnings of the implications of seeking some kinds of knowledge without considering the ends of such knowledge. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. Not all knowledge is good, it seems. and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. a description of the features of that knowledge, for it is through such knowledge that we believe we have truth. How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? In exploring the word culture, we must understand that world-view and world-picture are not interchangeable as to their meanings. It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/Introduction-to-Theory-of-Knowledge-An-Alternative-Approach-er4qvq, https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/CT-1-Basic-Concepts-equfll, CT 1: Knowledge and the Knower: Historical Background, CT: The Exhibition: A Glossary of Prompts, The Assault on Truth: Real Life Situations (RLS)Observations, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Introduction, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Dewey and Education, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Christianity: Thoughts on the Lords Prayer, The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge, The Natural Sciences: Historical Background, Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science, Darwin and Nietzsche: Part II: The Essence of Truth as Representation, Darwin and Nietzsche Part IV: Metaphysics as Logic: The Grounds of the Principle of Reason. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. The choices made by parents and students indicate what we consider to be knowledge of value. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. Required fields are marked *. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. In this search, we tend to look for things or at possible things which are far away from us rather than at those things that are nearest to us. fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. Herein arises the role of algebraic calculation: everything counts as existing when and only when it has been securely established as a calculable object for cognition. The various types of knowledge that were understood by the Greeks and which are outlined in the linkCT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower indicate that interpretation is linked to doubt and skepticism in our modern understanding of what knowledge is. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? From where do these obligations stem? 31. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today.